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ミカエル「大天使ミカエル」とは？その意味や絵画・モンサンミッシェルも | .: 大天使ミカエル
The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd- and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the angels and archangels and responsible for the care of Israel. The earliest surviving mention of Michael is in a 3rd century BC Jewish apocalypse, the Book of Enoch. Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works he is said to be their chief, mediating the Torah the law of God and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.
Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the Epistle of Jude , a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy. Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal. According to rabbinic tradition , Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations Daniel and particularly with the angel Samael , Israel's accuser.
Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel.
But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times. The rabbis declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv.
It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" Genesis , who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive Midrash Pirke R. It is also said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place.
He saved Jacob , while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael. Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer , xxxvi. The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus also.
Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of Sennacherib. Michael was venerated as a healer in Phrygia modern-day Turkey. The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters.
It was the Michaelion built in the early 4th century by Constantine the Great at Chalcedon , on the site of an earlier temple called Sosthenion. Epiphanius of Salamis c. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels. A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in This contributed to the standard iconography that developed of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.
In the 4th century, Saint Basil the Great 's homily De Angelis placed Saint Michael over all the angels. In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the Western Church was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The 7th-century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast "S. Michaelis Archangeli" , as did the 8th-century Gregorian Sacramentary.
Some of these documents refer to a Basilica Archangeli no longer extant on via Salaria in Rome. The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius , which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the celestial hierarchy. Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim , the first of the nine angelic orders.
According to Thomas Aquinas Summa Ia. Catholics often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel" [37] or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate canonisation. He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as "Saint Michael", as in the Litany of the Saints.
In the shortened version of this litany used in the Easter Vigil , he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints Gabriel and Raphael. In Roman Catholic teachings , Saint Michael has four main roles or offices. The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, carrying the souls of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions.
Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church.
Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. The names of villages around the Bay of Biscay express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the Prayer to Saint Michael , which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint. Blessed Michael, archangel, defend us in the hour of conflict. Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil may God restrain him, we humbly pray : and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host, by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell and with him those other wicked spirits who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title Archistrategos , or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts". The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels.
In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers". Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches. In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.
The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month. The 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.
Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the Anglican and Methodist tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, Raphael , Gabriel , and Uriel. The Lutheran Churches of St. Michael's Church, Hamburg and St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim are named for him.
In Bach 's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV in , Es erhub sich ein Streit , BWV 19 , in and Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg , BWV , in or Seventh-day Adventists believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to Jesus.
According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus. They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation —9 identifies Jesus as Michael.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus in heaven , in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians [68] as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel , [72] Revelation , [73] Revelation , [74] and Revelation 16 [75] are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's sovereignty , sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also known informally as Latter-day Saints or Mormons believe that Michael is Adam , the Ancient of Days Dan.
They also hold that Michael assisted Jehovah the pre-mortal form of Jesus in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father Elohim ; under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven. Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said to be friendly, asking God for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before Adam.
From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers. Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for the verse of Ali Imran , Ayah Quran Translated by Shakir that Gabriel, [88] [89] Michael, Raphael [90] [Notes 1] [Notes 2] and thousands of best angels from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr.
O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people. In the creation narrative of Adam he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn.
This is articulated by Al-Tha'labi , whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not. The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by Baha'u'llah , 'Abdu'l-Baha , Shoghi Effendi , or even the Universal House of Justice.
However, in Baha'i publishing about the interpretation of the Book of Revelation from the New Testament , Baha'is have claimed that Baha'u'llah was ""one of the chief princes" of Persia" [] [] foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon".
Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of Hod or "glory" in Jewish Mysticism [] - because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
In the Secret Book of John , a 2nd-century text found in the Nag Hammadi codices of Gnosticism , Michael is placed in control of the demons who help Yaldabaoth create Adam , along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps. In the General Roman Calendar , the Anglican Calendar of Saints , and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints , the archangel's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day, 29 September.
The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel , and Raphael , in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now 21 November , honouring him along with the rest of the "Bodiless Powers of Heaven" i.
angels as their Supreme Commander Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers , and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on 6 September. In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro , 8 May is the feast of St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.
In the Coptic Orthodox Church , the main feast day in 12 Hathor and 12 Paoni , and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month. Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels is commemorated on 29 September in ROCOR Western Rite. Apparition of Saint Michael in on Mount Gargano is commemorated on 8 May [] and Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel is commemorated on 29 September Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate.
Dedication of Saint Michael sanctuary Mont-Saint-Michel by Saint Aubert of Avranches is commemorated on 16 October.
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